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Most web developers will be familiar with the process of updating your /etc/hosts file to direct traffic for coolproject.dev to 127.0.0.1. Most will also be familiar with the problems of this approach:
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it requires a configuration change every time you add or remove a project; and
it requires administration access to make the change.
Installing a local DNS server like Dnsmasq and configuring your system to use that server can make these configuration changes a thing of the past. In this post, I'll run through the process of:
Installing Dnsmasq on OS X.
Configuring Dnsmasq to respond to all
.devrequests with127.0.0.1.Configure OS X to send all
.devrequests requests to Dnsmasq.
Before we get started, I should give you a warning: these instructions show you how to install new system software and change your system configuration. Like all such changes, you should not proceed unless you are confident you have understood them and that you can reverse the changes if needed.
The web world has moved on since I wrote this post in 2013. .dev is now a real domain (owned by Google) and some browsers (at least Google Chrome) require all connections to .dev to use HTTPS. If you are going to follow these instructions you should probably use .test instead of .dev. See this blog post for more details.
Thanks to Kinjal Dixit and Milan Peters for the suggestion.
Installing Dnsmasq
To quote the Dnsmasq project home page
Dnsmasq is a lightweight, easy to configure DNS forwarder and DHCP server […] is targeted at home networks[.]
There are plenty of ways to install Dnsmasq but my favourite (on OS X) is to use the Homebrew package manager. Installing Homebrew is fairly simple but beyond my scope here.
Once you have Homebrew installed, using it to install Dnsmasq is easy:
The installation process will output several commands that you can use to start Dnsmasq automatically with a default configuration. I used the following commands but you should use whichever commands brew tells you to:
Configuring Dnsmasq
Now that you have Dnsmasq installed and running, it's time to configure it! The configuration file lives at /usr/local/etc/dnsmasq.conf by default, so open this file in your favourite editor.
One the many, many things that Dnsmasq can do is compare DNS requests against a database of patterns and use these to determine the correct response. I use this functionality to match any request which ends in .dev and send 127.0.0.1 in response. The Dnsmasq configuration directive to do this is very simple:
Insert this into your /usr/local/etc/dnsmasq.conf file (I put it near the example address=/double-click.net/127.0.0.1 entry just to keep them all together) and save the file.
You may need to restart Dnsmasq to get it to recognise this change. Restarting Dnsmasq is the same as any other service running under launchd:
You can test Dnsmasq by sending it a DNS query using the dig utility. Pick a name ending in dev and use dig to query your new DNS server:
You should get back a response something like:
Configuring OS X
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Now that you have a working DNS server you can configure your operating system to use it. There are two approaches to this:
Send all DNS queries to Dnsmasq.
Send only
.devqueries to Dnsmasq.
The first approach is easy – just change your DNS settings in System Preferences – but probably won't work without additional changes to the Dnsmasq configuration.
The second is a bit more tricky, but not much. Most UNIX-like operating systems have a configuration file called /etc/resolv.conf which controls the way DNS queries are performed, including the default server to use for DNS queries (this is the setting that gets set automatically when you connect to a network or change your DNS server/s in System Preferences).
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OS X also allows you to configure additional resolvers by creating configuration files in the /etc/resolver/ directory. This directory probably won't exist on your system, so your first step should be to create it:
Now you should create a new file in this directory for each resolver you want to configure. Each resolver corresponds – roughly and for our purposes – to a top-level domain like our dev. There a number of details you can configure for each resolver but I generally only bother with two:
- the name of the resolver (which corresponds to the domain name to be resolved); and
- the DNS server to be used.
For more information about these files, see the resolver(5) manual page:
Create a new file with the same name as your new top-level domain (I'm using dev, recall) in the /etc/resolver/ directory and add a nameserver to it by running the following commands:
Here dev is the top-level domain name that I've configured Dnsmasq to respond to and 127.0.0.1 is the IP address of the server to use.
Once you've created this file, OS X will automatically read it and you're done!
Testing
The case of the deviant detective mac os. Testing you new configuration is easy; just use ping check that you can now resolve some DNS names in your new top-level domain:
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You should see results that mention the IP address in your Dnsmasq configuration like this:
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You can now just make up new DNS names under .dev whenever you please. Congratulations!
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Maybe the next step on your journey should be learning how to do configure Apache virtual hosts automatically based on host names? If this sounds interesting, contact me using the details below and I'll write that article too.
